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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | t |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | k |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | tʃ;(dʒ) |
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|'''Nasal''' |
|'''Nasal''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | m |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | n |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | ŋ |
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|'''Fricative''' |
|'''Fricative''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | f;(v) |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | θ;(ð) |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | s;(z) |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | ʃ |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | (ç) |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | (x);(ɣ) |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | h |
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| − | |'''Approximant'' |
+ | |'''Approximant''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | r |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | j |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | w |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | l |
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| Line 90: | Line 90: | ||
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| '''Close''' |
| '''Close''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | i;y |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | u |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | iː; yː |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | uː |
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| '''Mid''' |
| '''Mid''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | e;(ø) |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | o |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | eː;(øː) |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | oː |
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| '''Open''' |
| '''Open''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | æ |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | ɑ |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | æː |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | ɑː |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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! Diphthongs |
! Diphthongs |
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| − | ! Short ( |
+ | ! Short (monomoraic) |
! Long (bimoraic) |
! Long (bimoraic) |
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| '''First element is close''' |
| '''First element is close''' |
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| + | | align=center | iy |
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| − | | align=center | {{IPA|iy}}<ref>It is uncertain whether the [[diphthong]]s spelt ''ie''/''īe'' were pronounced {{IPA|[i(ː)y]}} or {{IPA|[i(ː)e]}}. The fact that this diphthong was merged with {{IPA|/y(ː)/}} in many dialects suggests the former.</ref> |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | iːy |
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| '''Both elements are mid''' |
| '''Both elements are mid''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | eo |
| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | eːo |
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| '''Both elements are open''' |
| '''Both elements are open''' |
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| − | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center | æɑ |
| align=center | æːɑ |
| align=center | æːɑ |
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There are far more strong verbs in Old English than there are in Modern English. |
There are far more strong verbs in Old English than there are in Modern English. |
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| − | == |
+ | == Resources == |
[http://oldenglish.wikia.com/wiki/Old_English_Wiki Old English Wiki] |
[http://oldenglish.wikia.com/wiki/Old_English_Wiki Old English Wiki] |
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| Line 149: | Line 149: | ||
[http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html The Electronic Introduction to Old English] |
[http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html The Electronic Introduction to Old English] |
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| + | [http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/oe.html Some Old English texts] |
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| − | {{stub}} |
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| + | |||
| + | [http://www.jebbo.co.uk/learn-oe/contents.htm Learning Old English] |
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| + | |||
| + | [http://tha-engliscan-gesithas.org.uk/ The English companions] |
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| + | |||
| + | [http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~beowulf/ Beowulf in hypertext] |
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| + | |||
| + | [http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/engl401/ Old English course at the university of Calgary] |
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| + | |||
| + | [http://archive.is/20120527080316/home.comcast.net/~modean52/oeme_dictionaries.htm OEME - Old English dictionary] |
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[[category:Germanic Languages]] |
[[category:Germanic Languages]] |
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[[Category:Languages]] |
[[Category:Languages]] |
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| + | [[Category:Alphabet-written languages]] |
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| + | [[Category:Latin script]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:09, 16 April 2014
| Spoken by: | Evolved into Middle then Modern English |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | The British Isles, |
| Language family: | (West) Germanic; Indo-European |
Phonology[]
Late west Saxon reconstructed pronunciation:
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | |||||
| Affricate | tʃ;(dʒ) | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Fricative | f;(v) | θ;(ð) | s;(z) | ʃ | (ç) | (x);(ɣ) | h | |
| Approximant | r | j | w | |||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| Monophthongs | Short | Long | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | i;y | u | iː; yː | uː |
| Mid | e;(ø) | o | eː;(øː) | oː |
| Open | æ | ɑ | æː | ɑː |
| Diphthongs | Short (monomoraic) | Long (bimoraic) |
|---|---|---|
| First element is close | iy | iːy |
| Both elements are mid | eo | eːo |
| Both elements are open | æɑ | æːɑ |
Grammar[]
Old English grammar is quite complex and is typically that of a archaic Indo-European language, and if you know other archaic Germanic languages (or, to a lesser extent, German, or, to a lesser extent again, other modern Germanic languages) you will find it much easier to learn.
Orthography[]
Old English is a highly phonetic language, and the spelling can almost always be fully predicted from the pronunciation (with the rare exception of a double letter in the spelling, which only makes a difference in the pronunciation if it is a double plosive/stop), and vice-verse (with the rare exception of a certain letter being pronounced several ways).
Common difficulties[]
Old English retains four (and in the earliest period five) grammatical cases, and also has several declensions, the main two of which are the strong declension and the weak declension.
Old English was spoken at a time before dictionaries, so spelling varied from dialect to dialect (the main 4 being Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon). Also there were variations depending on the style of the writing, i.e. prose, poetry, or colloquial texts. This fact may be a point of confusion for speakers of modern English who are used to little spelling variation over the entire language.
There are far more strong verbs in Old English than there are in Modern English.
Resources[]
The Electronic Introduction to Old English